when it was a game :: essays research papers

When It Was A GameI have been a fan of the venture of baseball for 25 years. I played littleleague baseball for Ocean lot Little League in Huntington Beach, California in theearly1980s, and four years of high school baseball at Ocean View High in the late80s to the early 90s. Baseball has been an intricate part of my life ever since. While thumbing through a box in my garage the other day, I came across my old little league year book from 1984. Seeing myself in a baseball uniform at 10 years old was quite amusing. I flipped through the rest of the book, laughing at the way my family and friends dressed in the 80s. I was reminded of a quote my naan used to say, The more things change, the more they stay the same. My grandmother is a huge baseball fan. My grandmother grew up in South Central Los Angeles and used to take note the Los Angeles Dodgers play throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s. I distinctly remember my grandmother and I watching Kirk Gibson hit the game winning home run for the Dodgers against the Oakland As in the 1988 Word Series. She is a huge Dodger fan, however, since I played on the As in little league that year, I root for the As. To this day, mygrandmother will not pass up an opportunity to remind me of who won that game.My grandmother said to me the other day, They dont stumble them like they used to she was referring to the 1988 Dodger team, as opposed to the teams of today. I think she has a point to an extent however, I can see the similarities and the differences in the game of the 80s and the sport it has become in the new millennium.The game has changed in some ways, but for the most part, it has stayed the same.The rules are the same as in the 80s. It is still 90feet to offshoot base, 60 foot 6 inches from the pitchers mound to home plate, and you still only pound three strikes and four balls.Today, you can still go to the ballpark and get a soda, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, cottoncandy, and a hot dog, just like when I was a kid in t he 80s. You can still go to the game early and see the teams take batting practice, and if your lucky, get an autograph or two.

How To Write a Nursing Research Paper :: Nursing Profession, Nursing Career

TitleThe elements needed to be included in a good title should contain the critical words or a phrase that describes the article identify the major variables and the population. The title of this article has identified the independent and dependent variables which is the adaption and effects of the training program to help patients with end coiffe renal disease (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007 Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).Abstract The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the pick out. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should comprise the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by contributors to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007 Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104 Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002 Nieswiadomy , 2008 p.380). Introduction This article hasnt provided an introduction however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636 Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380 Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002). Literature review As Burns and Grove (2001) & Polit and Hungler (1997) as cited in Ingham-Broomfield (2008 p.104) mentioned that the primary purpose of the literature review is to prove what is known, gain broad background and understanding of the available information related to the study. As Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan (2007) stated that literature review should also help to identify whatever gaps in the literature relating to the problem and suggest how those gaps might be f illed. The authors of this article has not provided any review of literature and this could misinform the reader what the main point of the study however, several appropriate references were used in the background. The terms used in the key concepts are adequately defined and consistent with the topic. The background of the study introduces the previous knowledge or what is already known which is to investigate the effectiveness of an ATP designed to help ESRD patients to cope with stressors while receiving haemodialysis treatment.

The Evolution of the Microprocessor Essay -- essays research papers

The integrate CircuitThe Evolution of an Electronic MiracleThe microprocessor evolved over the course of many years of research, and people totally over the world enjoy the benefits of this electronic miracle. It is difficult to think of anything that has affected modern life more than this invention. Cellular phones, wristwatches, calculators, automobiles, stereos, televisions, and computers are just a a few(prenominal) of the thousands of electronic devices that have a microchip at the heart of its operation. Over the years, three major break by means ofs occurred to accelerate the birth of the microprocessor the vacuum tube, the transistor, and the integrated circuit. The Vacuum pipeAmerican physicist Lee De plant invented the vacuum tube in 1906. However, one must look back to 1879 when Thomas Edison first revealed the incandescent electric unprovoked bulb to understand how De Forest developed his idea. Edisons invention consisted of a conducting filament mounted in a glas s bulb. Electricity passing through the filament caused it to heat up and created a vacuum that prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up. In 1883, Edison detected electrons flowing through the vacuum from the lighted filament to a metal racing shell mounted inside the bulb. This became known as the Edison Effect, but he did not develop this particular discovery any further. However, British physicist pot Fleming found that the Edison Effect also detected radio waves and reborn them to electricity. In 1904, Fleming first showed off his two-element vacuum tube known as the Fleming diode that converted an alternating current (AC) signal into direct current (DC) (Kuphaldt).The Fleming diode consisted of an incandescent light bulb with an extra electrode inside. Electrons boiled off the surface of the metal plate and into the vacuum inside the bulb as the filament became white-hot. When the extra electrode became more positive than the filament, a direct current flowed thr ough the vacuum proving that AC signals could be converted into DC. One of the first uses of the Fleming diode was to detect weak signals produced by the new wireless telegraph. Later, the diode vacuum tube was used to convert AC into DC for power supplies in electronic equipment (Kuphaldt).Many inventors tried to improve the Fleming diode, but the only one who succeeded was American inventor Lee De Forest. In 1906, De Forest int... ...light bulb.ReferencesBellis, M. The History of Computers. Retrieved Mar. 03, 2005, from About.com web lay http//www.inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm. Hoff, T. Fascinating Facts about the Invention of the Microprocessor. Retreived Feb 28, 2005, from Idea Finder web site http//www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/microprocessor.htmIC Knowledge. History of the Integrated Circuit. Retrieved February 28, 2005, from IC Knowledge web site http//www.icknowledge.com/history/history.html. Kuphaldt, T. R. Early Tube History. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2005, from All About Circuits Web site http//www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_13/2.html. Lindberg, A. A. The History of the Integrated Circuit. Retrieved Mar. 03, 2005, from Nobelprize.org Web site http//nobelprize.org/physics/educational/integrated_circuit/historyMaxfield, C. and Brown, A. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2005, from The History of Computers Web site http//www.maxmon.com. Riordan, M. and Hoddeson, L. (1997). Crystal Fire-The Birth of the Information Age. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company Inc. Sullivan, J. (Ed.). (1988). The Chipmakers. Alexandrea, VA Time-Life Books. (Understanding Computers Series)

Style Analysis of Blog Writings :: Teaching Writing

musical mode Analysis of Blog literary productionsWhat is direction in constitution? After rendering Strunk and clean-livings The elements of Style and Joseph Williams Style Toward Clarity and Grace, I put one over come to meet what style is I al substances thought of style as being your own, but through these books I learned that thats not entirely true. Style is a mixture of many things and individualism single being one part, but for me the most important. Style is a way of writing clear, cohesive, grammatically sic and true to ones self. White says in the last chapter of Elements of Style style in the sense of what is distinguished and distinguishing.(Strunk and White 66) Good writing is not that threatening to achieve, any one can publish well. If you write true to yourself it will make your writing better. Williams talks about your voice and so does Strunk and White. White says All writers, by the way they use the language, kick downstairs something of their spirit s, their habits, their capacities and their biases. (Srunk and White 67) Williams says Writing well, they believe, has to do with being sincere, or writing how they speak, or finding their authentic voices, or just being born with the knack. (Williams 1) Good writing lets us know something about the writer even if it is technical. To be interesting we need some sharpness into the persons feelings and thoughts. Writing should be something we have intercourse not something that we dread or fear. Most tidy sum, students especially, have come to hate writing because they dont know the rules and are afraid to make mistakes. It seems that people are more concerned with correct grammar then content. It is important to have good grammar, punctuation, and spelling, but what you have to say is the most important. People spend so much time worrying about what their paper looks like, then what it sounds like. Sitting down to write a paper can be intimating and sometimes it is hard to organiz e our thoughts to put them down on paper. I feel that reading books like Style Lessons in Clarity and Grace is helpful, but practice is the unwrap to good writing.I had never heard of Blooger.com until I was introduced to it by my English class. I found the intercommunicate entries to be a helpful assignment, because the best way to become a good writer is by practice.Style Analysis of Blog Writings Teaching WritingStyle Analysis of Blog WritingsWhat is style in writing? After reading Strunk and Whites The elements of Style and Joseph Williams Style Toward Clarity and Grace, I have come to understand what style is I always thought of style as being your own, but through these books I learned that thats not entirely true. Style is a mixture of many things and individualism only being one part, but for me the most important. Style is a way of writing clear, cohesive, grammatically correct and true to ones self. White says in the last chapter of Elements of Style style in the sens e of what is distinguished and distinguishing.(Strunk and White 66) Good writing is not that hard to achieve, any one can write well. If you write true to yourself it will make your writing better. Williams talks about your voice and so does Strunk and White. White says All writers, by the way they use the language, reveal something of their spirits, their habits, their capacities and their biases. (Srunk and White 67) Williams says Writing well, they believe, has to do with being sincere, or writing how they speak, or finding their authentic voices, or just being born with the knack. (Williams 1) Good writing lets us know something about the writer even if it is technical. To be interesting we need some insight into the persons feelings and thoughts. Writing should be something we enjoy not something that we dread or fear. Most people, students especially, have come to hate writing because they dont know the rules and are afraid to make mistakes. It seems that people are more conce rned with correct grammar then content. It is important to have good grammar, punctuation, and spelling, but what you have to say is the most important. People spend so much time worrying about what their paper looks like, then what it sounds like. Sitting down to write a paper can be intimating and sometimes it is hard to organize our thoughts to put them down on paper. I feel that reading books like Style Lessons in Clarity and Grace is helpful, but practice is the key to good writing.I had never heard of Blooger.com until I was introduced to it by my English class. I found the blog entries to be a helpful assignment, because the best way to become a good writer is by practice.

Breaking Down The Metamorphosis Essay -- essays research papers

Breaking Down The MetamorphosisFranz Kafkas beginning of his novel, The Metamorphosis, begins with what would seem a climactic moment As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from tense dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. From this point on, the reader is determined to make sense of this transformation. However, the reader later comes to agnise that Gregor is actually not an insect, but this metamorphosis into a vermin was purely symbolic. It symbolizes the degrading lifestyle that Gregor leads to support his family. This leads the reader to understand Gregors absurd dilemma.Gregors insignificant and outcast lifestyle of supporting his family proves that the universe is irrational, and mans place in it is absurd. This is proven by the fact that Gregor is working to pay sullen his fathers debts and provide for his family. His work is mundane, and strictly business. Yet, when the metamorphosis of Gregor takes place, his family practically shuns him from their contact. Still however, Gregors first fantasys after believing that he is an insect, are to lend dressed and go to work. This attitude is seemingly absurd, however Gregor is so deep into trying to help his family, that he makes an attempt at ignoring the impossibility of working. The idea that domain is disconnected from reality, is set in stone by Kafka when he writes about the transformation of Gregors families lives, and his own. The Samsas treated Gregor simply as a agency to get out of debt, although the reader comes to realize later that the family was not as bad off as Gregor had believed. Also, the father returns back to work after Gregor cannot, which proves that his baulk not nearly as severe as he had Gregor believed. Although Gregor is the family member that turns into a pink, he remains the only one of them to retain clementity. The family cannot grasp that the bug in the bedroom is Gregor, their son and brother. They disconnect themselves from him, forgett ing that they have known him his entire life, and once perhaps loved him. After his metamorphosis, Gregor became the member of the family in need, yet kinda of helping him, as he helped them, Gregor became a burden to the family. The family, especially the father and mother do not make an attempt... ...top loving him. Without his initial function, he became an felon of family life. Gregor eventually wanted the family to give up all hope in him, a hope that he wanted to exist but did not. He thought back on his family with deep emotion and love. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Immediately after this line, Gregor Samsa committed suicide. As a the family came to learn of Gregors death, the father said, Well, now thanks be to God. The sister appears to not be upset, but rather in a state of skepticism that the burden on their family is finally gone. When Gregors mother learns of his death, she questions it, to check the validity, and then tell her daughter to come join them with a tremendous smile. However, it is arguable whether he killed himself, or Gregor died of a broken heart.The story of Gregor Samsa and his metamorphosis is one of sorrow, but more a story to unveil the cruelties of Humankind. Kafkas brilliance and understanding of human nature can not be fully grasped by quickly reading the story, but instead divulging into the hidden messages Kafka inserts within the text.

Breaking Down The Metamorphosis Essay -- essays research papers

Breaking Down The MetamorphosisFranz Kafkas beginning of his novel, The Metamorphosis, begins with what would seem a climactic moment As Gregor Samsa awoke wholeness morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. From this point on, the reader is determined to make whiz of this transformation. However, the reader later comes to realize that Gregor is actually not an insect, but this metamorphosis into a vermin was purely symbolic. It symbolizes the degrading lifestyle that Gregor leads to support his family. This leads the reader to envision Gregors absurd dilemma.Gregors insignificant and outcast lifestyle of supporting his family proves that the universe is irrational, and mans place in it is absurd. This is proven by the circumstance that Gregor is working to pay off his fathers debts and provide for his family. His work is mundane, and strictly business. Yet, when the metamorphosis of Gregor takes place, his family practically shuns him from their contact. Still however, Gregors first thoughts afterwards accept that he is an insect, are to get dressed and go to work. This attitude is seemingly absurd, however Gregor is so deep into trying to help his family, that he makes an attempt at ignoring the impossibility of working. The idea that Humankind is disconnected from reality, is set in stone by Kafka when he writes about the transformation of Gregors families lives, and his own. The Samsas treated Gregor patently as a means to get out of debt, although the reader comes to realize later that the family was not as bad off as Gregor had believed. Also, the father returns hazard to work after Gregor cannot, which proves that his disability not nearly as severe as he had Gregor believed. Although Gregor is the family fellow member that turns into a bug, he remains the only one of them to retain humanity. The family cannot grasp that the bug in the bedroom is Gregor, their son and brother. They disconnect them selves from him, forgetting that they have known him his entire life, and once perhaps loved him. After his metamorphosis, Gregor became the member of the family in need, yet instead of helping him, as he helped them, Gregor became a burden to the family. The family, especially the father and mother do not make an attempt... ...top love him. Without his initial function, he became an outlaw of family life. Gregor eventually wanted the family to give up all hope in him, a hope that he wanted to endure but did not. He thought back on his family with deep emotion and love. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Immediately after this line, Gregor Samsa committed suicide. As a the family came to learn of Gregors death, the father said, Well, now thanks be to God. The sister appears to not be upset, but rather in a state of disbelief that the burden on their family is finally gone. When Gregors mother learns of his death, she que stions it, to check the validity, and then tell her daughter to come join them with a tremendous smile. However, it is arguable whether he killed himself, or Gregor died of a broken heart.The story of Gregor Samsa and his metamorphosis is one of sorrow, but more a story to unveil the cruelties of Humankind. Kafkas brilliance and understanding of human nature can not be fully grasped by quickly reading the story, but instead divulging into the hidden messages Kafka inserts in spite of appearance the text.

Tom Brown’s Schooldays

schooltime Different Interpretations Tom Browns Schooldays by doubting Thomas Hughes was first published in 1857, yet it is still currently used in several belles-lettres classes. The book is a phenomenal piece of literature that has motivated several people into creating their own adaptations in a media format. The main protagonist in the story is Tom Brown, a young thirteen socio-economic class old boy with great Christian goods before attending Rugy School. The antagonist and bully of the story is Harry Flash macrocosm who is corrupted by the power he receives from his fathers influential role in funding the school.The Story follows Browns transformation from a kind and gentle young man into a cruel boy with no remorse. The main influence on Browns metamorphosis was Flashmans constant harsh treatment of weaker and jr. students attending Rugby. At the end of the story Brown takes a look back at the time he spent at Rugby and is squeeze to question his morals. The 2005 delineat ion adaptation was very well scripted and contained most of the basic themes that were portrayed in the book. After doing an acceptable amount of research virtually the photograph I discovered that it was filmed at the actual Rugby School described in the book.I was surprised to see that most of the cast members flare-up my description of what the characters should look like from reading the book. Watching the film and reading the book were similar in the way of developing an emotional bond betwixt the characters and the audience. An example of this would be my hatred toward Flashman because of his harsh treatments on the weaker children that couldnt defend themselves. Although the movie was quiet of an emotional thrill ride there were significant differences from the genuine story.It is an extremely difficult task to depict the same story in a novel onto a movie or TV screen, and Tom Browns Schooldays directed by Dave Moore was no exception. The movie had left out two signifi cant parts of the story that were crucial to the introduction and conclusion of the novel. The beginning of the movie started off with Browns father talking to him about not loosing his Christian morals and sending him to Rugby. In the novel it begins with Browns kind life before Rugby School, this helps the reader establish Toms personality and experiences. I was disappointed when I idnt see this in movie because it helps the reader develop a sense of Browns past and compare it to his life at Rugby. The conclusion of the movie ends with Brown as angiotensin-converting enzyme of Arthurs pallbearers at his funeral. It was interesting to see this in the movie because in the original novel Arthur never died and actually helps the other students realize their harsh methods, needfully changing their ways. There was also an added scene in the movie that never occurred in the book. The sex scene involving Flashman and Sally which I found quite slothful to include in the movie.After com paring the novel and movie it is hard not to notice the differences but the main theme of a young man realizing his moral obligation is still portrayed. I enjoyed reading and watching the story but overall I have to say the novel was much better because the movie kept on straying away form the original story. I understand that Dave Moore was trying to make the movie original because of the previous movies before, but it snarl like a different story in the introduction and conclusion of the movie. Tom Browns Schooldays by Thomas Hughes is a extraordinary work of literature that will still be widely used in future.

Neurophysiology Study Guide

Neurophysiology Study Guide 1. Define equilibrium dominance. Why is the resting capability closer to the kB equilibrium potential (EK+) than the atomic number 11 potential (ENa+)? The equilibrium potential is the point at which the force exerted on an ion by electrostatic and concentration incline forces atomic number 18 balanced, and on that point is no net movement of that ion. The resting potential is closer to EK+ than ENa+ because the cell tissue layer is more permeable to potassium than sodium. 2. How would ENa+ change following an change magnitude in the external concentration of sodium?Would the resting potential be affected significantly? If the external concentration of sodium was increased, the concentration gradient driving the movement of sodium would be increased more sodium would diffuse into the cell and would reduce some of the negative charge on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. This would take to heart to decrease (make less negative) the resting po tential, save would non affect it significantly since the membrane is much more permeable to K. 3. Does any net Ionic current black market at the resting potential?What be the relationships among passive and coreionic currents at the resting potential? There is no net ionic current flow at the resting potential. However, since neither Na+ nor K+ is at equilibrium, there is a net flow of each across the membrane. The Na-K heart and soul generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential notwithstanding it is the passive ionic flow that creates the resting potential. Pump currents balance passive currents (diffusion) at the resting potential. 3. Define electrogenic and neutral pumps.What role does the Na-K pump play in the resting potential? An electrogenic pump creates a potential difference across the membrane positive and negative charges ar not transported across the membrane in equal amounts. Neutral pumps are balanced according to charge there is no potential difference created. The Na-K pump generates the concentration difference that sustains the resting potential. 5. Describe the sequence of ionic events and their effect upon the resting potential following lockade of the Na-K pump, or following an increase in extracellular potassium or sodium. When the Na-K pump is blocked by an agent such as oubain or digitalis, Na+ and K+ entrust continue to diffuse passively across the cell membrane down their respective gradients. After a while, intracellular Na leave alone increase and intracellular K will decrease. The reduced K gradient will reduce K efflux through nongated convey therefore, the resting potential will depolarize. The reduced Na gradient will have little effect on the resting potential.If extracellular K+ is increased, the driving force for potassium diffusion out of the cell will decrease, and the resting potential will become less negative (depolarized). If extracellular Na+ is increased, the driving forc e for sodium movement into the cell will increase with a pull up stakesant slight depolarization, but there will be no significant change in resting potential. Na+ -K+ ATPase pump activity Y Na+in Y Na+O/ Na+i Y ENa+ Y (EM ENa+) Y INa+ Y Conduction velocity and Depolarized threshold 6.excuse the interrelationships amidst ionic and capacitive currents during postsynaptic potentials or during an litigate potential. Ionic current is the flow of ions through conduct into or out of the cell. Capacitive current is the movement of charges, usually positive, up to or away from the cell membrane. During an excitatory postsynaptic potential or an march potential, there is an initial ionic current flow into the cell, followed by a capacitive current out of the cell, which serves to depolarize the membrane potential at a distance. The current twine forms a local circuit. 7.Define time continual. How is it calculated and why is it important for integration of electrical activity at th e axons initial segment? The time constant is the amount of time it takes for EM (membrane potential) to decay to 1/e of its initial strength (37%). It is equal to resistance times electrical condenser. It is important for integration at the initial segment because it determines whether temporal summation can take place a long time constant means slow decay which allows summation to bump a short time constant means fast decay, and therefore no summation. 8. Define length constant.How does it depend upon axon diameter, axial resistance and membrane resistance what does it suggest astir(predicate) the relative effectiveness of synapses on the soma versus synapses on the dendrites? The length (or space) constant is the distance that a signal can traveling before falling to 1/e (37%) of its initial magnitude. It is relative to the square root of the diameter of the roughage and to membrane resistance, and inversely proportional to axial resistance. The high the membrane resistanc e, the farther the signal will go. The larger the length constant, the slower the signal decay.This suggests that synapses on the soma are more likely to undergo spacial summation than dendritic synapses. 9. Define graded potentials. How do these differ from achievement potentials? A graded potential is one in which the amplitude is in a flash proportional to the magnitude of the foreplay. It has no refractory period and is a local potential i. e. it is not actively conducted and spreads barely passively. Graded potentials can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and can add. serve potentials cannot add, have refractory periods are all or none, and are propagated actively. 0. Explain the ferment of a strength sequence curve. Define rheobase and chronaxie The shape of the strength-duration curve shows that initiation of an action potential is dependent on both the amplitude and the duration of a stimulus. Rheobase is the minimum effective stimulus strength. Chronaxie is the duration of the stimulus that is required to just reach threshold when the stimulus amplitude is twice rheobase. 11. Explain in detail how an action potential is generated. What types of take tend to exculpated as the membrane potential depolarizes?Draw a graph illustrating how sodium and potassium conductances change (with time) during an action potential. When the membrane is depolarized, voltage sensitive Na+ transmit open allowing Na+ to enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient This entry of Na+ further depolarizes the cell, resulting in the opening of more Na+ channels thus allowing more Na+ to enter, and so on. When the influx of Na+ exceeds the efflux of K+ , threshold is exceeded and the response becomes regenerative, leading to the depolarizing or rising phase of the action potential.After a period of time the Na+ channels inactivate and close blocking further entry of Na+ through these channels. Also after a delay, voltage-sensitive K+ channels open, allowi ng K+ to leave the cell, traveling down its electrochemical gradient. The inactivation of the Na+ channels coupled with the opening of the K+ channels result in the repolarization of the membrane potential 12. How do the time courses of sodium and potassium conductances differ during a maintained depolarization? A maintained depolarization causes Na+ inactivation (reduces PNa+) and hence increases (depolarizes) the threshold potential.In addition, compared with the Na+ activation process, the K+ activation process (increased PK+ ) is delayed and persists as long as the depolarization is maintained. 13. Define sodium inactivation. How does it explain the absolute and relative refractory periods, or accommodation? How do potassium ions play a role in these processes? What limits a neurons upper limit rate of firing? There are two gates on the voltage gated sodium channels. As the membrane is depolarized, sodium channels open. When the membrane is fully depolarized, sodium channels bec ome inactivated.Sodium inactivation is high at the peak of the action potential and is maximal about the time that the repolarization phase intersects the zero potential. It is this process and the position that most potassium channels are open that account for the absolute refractory period. The relative refractory period is the gradual recovery of Na+ channels from the inactivation process. Accommodation is also related to sodium inactivation because a slow depolarization will cause the Na+ channels to go directly from the closed state to the inactivated state. A neurons maximum rate of firing is limited by the absolute refractory period. 4. What role does the Na+ -K+ pump play in the action potential? How is the action potential affected by alterations in the concentration of extracellular Na+ or K+ Action potentials arise from the passive movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. The Na+-K+ pump creates the electrochemical gradients that sustain the resting potenti al and generate the action potential. Alterations in the concentration of extracellular K+ will cause fluctuations in the resting potential that will decrease or increase the likelihood of an action potential being generated.Alterations of extracellular Na will increase or decrease the conduction velocity of action potentials as well as the likelihood of an action potential being generated. 15. Explain the mechanism for propagation of an action potential in an unmyelinated nerve or in a myelinated nerve. Why is the latter much windy? What factors affect conduction velocity? Once an action potential has been initiated, the inmost Na+ current depolarizes the membrane toward ENa+ . This results in a potential difference between this active locality and the adjacent inactive region, which is still near EK+ .Hence, current will flow between the active and adjacent inactive region, depolarizing the inactive region. The resulting increase in intracellular Na+ leads to an outward capaci tive current and depolarization of this region of membrane. When the depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential will be initiated in this region of the membrane. In an unmyelinated nerve, this is a continual process moving down the membrane. In a myelinated nerve, this process occurs only at the node of Ranvier. myelinated nerves have faster conduction velocities because the action potential jumps from node to node, which may be up to 2 mm apart.Conduction velocity is affected by membrane capacitance and by membrane and axoplasm resistances. Myelin increases membrane resistance, thereby constraining incoming positive charge to move down the axon. Myelin reduces membrane capacitance this reduces the amount of negative charge that must be neutralized to reach threshold. Axoplasm resistance is inversely proportional to axon diameter. Thus, conduction velocity increases with fiber diameter,. 16. Describe the process of saltatory conduction. Why is it advantageous? Explain ho w and why conduction velocity and the length (space) constant are affected by demyelinating iseases. Saltatory conduction is the noncontinuous propagation (jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next) of an action potential along a myelinated nerve. Saltatory conduction arises in part from the properties of the myelin sheath, which increases the membrane resistance and decreases the capacitance in the internodal region the result is an increase in current flow down the core of the axon. In addition the voltage-sensitive Na+ channels responsible for the extension of the action potential are localized only at the nodes.This type of conduction makes possible rapid precise control of muscle contraction. In demyelinating diseases conduction velocity and the length constant are reduced in the unmyelinated areas. The length constant is proportional to membrane resistance and when the myelin is destroyed, the resistance at that point decreases and therefore the length constant decreases. Because of increase capacitance and negative charge on the inner surface of the membranes, propagation of the signal takes place interminably instead of jumping from node to node therefore, conduction velocity is decreased. 7. What are the three functions of a sensory receptor? 1) Transduction of the environmental signal Energy Y Change in membrane potential 2) Amplification of the environmental signal 3) Transmission of the environmental signal to the CNS 18. How does a receptor potential or writer potential differ from an action potential? A receptor or generator potential is a graded potential that is proportional to the stimulus. It is not a function of the membrane potential and thus is not regenerative like an action potential.It has no refractory period and, therefore, is additive. It is local and propagated. Finally, the ion channels producing the receptor/generator potentials are different from those underlying the action potential they are not voltage gated. 19. Explain how an action potential is initiated in a sensory nerve. What conditions are necessary for repetitive firing? How does the firing frequency depend upon the amplitude of the generator potential? Upon the intensity of the stimulus? A sensory nerve action potential begins with the receipt of an appropriate environmental signal.The stimulus causes a localized increase in the permeability of the nerve remnant to Na+ . The resulting net inward positive ionic current depolarizes the nerve terminal. This current spreads passively along the axon terminal producing a depolarizing outward capacitive current The outward capacitive current, in turn. may induce an action potential in a region of the nerve with a low threshold for generating an action potential- usually at the first node of Ranvier in myelinated nerves. A maintained stimulus is necessary for repetitive firing.The firing frequency is proportional to the amplitude of the generator potential and the intensity of the stimulus. 19. De fine sensory adaptation. Name two classes of receptors. What type of information about the stimulus is derived from each? Give examples. Sensory adaptation is the descend in response that occurs over time when a receptor is subjected to a constant stimulus. There are two types of receptor classifications slowly adapting (tonic) receptors and rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors. behind adapting receptors provide information about the rate of change of a stimulus as well as the magnitude and duration.This type of receptor is seen in touch, pressure, pig cells for hearing and vestibular function, muscle spindle receptors, Golgi tendon organs and in baroreceptors. Rapidly adapting receptors are unable to maintain a free burning depolarization, despite sustained stimulation. They function as rate-detectors providing information about the rate of change of the environmental signal. Rapidly adapting receptors are found in the Pacinian corpuscles and skin hair receptors. 19. Describe in detail the steps involved in the leave office and degradation of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. What factors regulate how much ACh is released?Chemical synaptic transmission is initiated by a depolarization of the presynaptic element and the subsequent influx of Ca++ ions into the nerve terminal through voltage-dependent Ca++ channels. Ca++ facilitates contact of synaptic vesicles with the terminal membrane, which triggers the synchronous release of several thousands of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The ACh binds to its receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. After dissociating from the receptor, ACh is degraded by acetylcholinesterase (produced by ) 19. Define quantal release and miniature endplate potential.How are the two related? Quantal release refers to the release of neurotransmitters in discrete packets or vesicles. A single vesicle contains about 5-10,000 ACh molecules, and is capable of depolarizing the membrane about 1mV. The small depolarization ca used by the spontaneous release of a few vesicles is called a miniature end plate potential. Spontaneous release of vesicles occurs at a rate of about 1/sec. MEPPs may be important in maintaining the integrity of the muscle fiber. 19. Discuss the end-plate potential (EPP), including its characteristics and underlining mechanisms.Why are its amplitude and duration limited? How does it differ from an action potential? The end-plate potential is the postsynaptic potential produced at push back end plate. The EPP occurs as the result of ACh binding to its receptors on end-plate membrane and opening the chemically gated channels located there. The EPP is a graded potential the magnitude of the EPP is proportional to the number of channels opened by ACh and spreads only passively. The EPP acts as a stimulus for the production of an action potential on the muscle membrane contiguous to the end-plate membrane.The amplitude and duration of the EPP may be limited by the amount of neurotrans mitter released, or by the number of receptors present, or by the normal activity of AChEase. The EPP differs from an action potential in the same shipway that other graded potentials do. 19. How are action potentials initiated at the muscle end plate? What is the ratio of the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output input)? Action potentials are initiated in the region of the muscle end plate when the membrane is depolarized by the electrotonically spreading EPP.The ratio of the number of muscle action potentials to motor neuron action potentials (output input) is 11. 19. What are chemically gated ion channels? Give an example. How do such channels differ from voltage-gated channels? Chemically-gated ion channels are those channels which open only in response to the binding of a chemical neurotransmitter, hormone or other chemicals and not in response to membrane depolarization as voltage-gated channels do. The channel associated with the ACh re ceptor is a chemically-gated ion channel 26.Compare and contrast the characteristics of chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Electrical synaptic transmission is mediated by gap junctions. The gap junctions provide a pathway for cytoplasmic continuity. As a result, a depolarization (or hyperpolarization) produced in the presynaptic terminal produces a change in potential in the postsynaptic terminal. There is minimal synaptic delay and the transmission can spread bidirectionally. Electrical junctions are found in the nervous system, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.Chemical synaptic transmission occurs between two cell membranes separated by a synaptic cleft. The presynaptic terminal contains a high concentration of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles and there is a characteristic thickening of the postsynaptic membrane. Since the neurotransmitter must diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to its receptor, there is delay of about 0. 5 1 msec between the init iation of an action potential in the presynaptic terminal and a potential change in the postsynaptic terminal. Chemical transmission is generally unidirectional.

Contemporary Issues in Nursing Essay

In todays world of nursing, there ar efforts to improve patient care at infirmarys. Severalstates across America are considering implementing nursing proportionality rightfulnesss. This ratio law wouldrequire hospitals to have strict shelter-to-patient ratios enforced at all times. Only calcium hasimplemented nursing ratios so far and it has been the subject of assorted reviews.Steps the legislation went throughThroughout the 1990s, health care labor unions in atomic number 20 tried to implement encouragestaffing laws through legislation and ballot initiatives. The atomic number 20 Nurses Association (CNA)campaigned for several age to constitute a mandated reserve-to-patient ratio system in California.The firstborn endeavor was in 1993 when Assembly Bill (AB) 1445 was introduced into theAssembly. Unfortunately, the bill did non succeed. The take up-to-patient ratios were also a part ofProposition 216, the health care reform initiative introduced by CNA in 1996. Governor P eteWilson vetoed another version of the ratio bill, AB 695, which was passed by the legislature in1997 (Institute for Health, 2001). The CNA organized a rally of nurses and patients throughoutCalifornia to win enactment of AB 394. More than 10,000 letters, status cards and phone callswere made to the governor in support of the bill. Registered nurses (RN) and senior citizens bythe thousands assembled on the Capitol Steps in support of the bill in September, 1999 (Dumpel,H. 2003).Description of impression and youthfully enacted legislationAB 394 was passed and signed by Governor Gray Davis in 1999. This bill directs theCalifornia Department of Health Services to establish minimum, specific, and numerical licensednurse-to-patient ratios by licensed nurse classification and by hospital unit in subtile carehospitals. Although it passed in 1999, it was not implemented until January 1, 2004 due to thefact that the California Department of Health Services could not base deductive evide nce onwhich to base the actual ratios (Coffman, J., et al, 2002). The implementation was frozen as anemergency by California Governor Schwarzenegger due to the severe nursing paucity and highcosts. California courts upheld the Governorand enforced tougher standards (Anonymous,2007).Under the legislation enacted, acute care hospitals in California need to have a minimumof one licensed nurse for every two patients in intensive care units, one nurse for every operatingroom patient and one nurse for every five patients on a medical surgical floor. The legislationcalls for half of the licensed personnel working in intensive and coronary care units to belicensed as an RN. The consequence of the nurse ratio law on quality and access to patientcare is still a subject of debate in California (Coffman, J., et al, 2002).Impact of nursing confideThe CNA claims that ratios have been successful in creating safer workingenvironments in hospitals. The CNA believes that having the ratio laws in ef fect will attractRNs that have left the field. Data obtained from the CNA shows that since the ratio law wassigned, the number of actively licensed RNs in California have grown by more than 60,000,with an additional 60% increase in RN new applications. Turnover vacancy rates in Californiasbiggest hospital systems have fallen below 5% as a result of this ratio law (CNA, 2005).Supporters of the ratio law believe that staffing ratios encourage improve working conditions andattract more young people to the nursing profession. Working conditions within acute carehospitals have an impact on the number of RNs that choose to practice there (Coffman, J, et al,2002).Impact on quality of health care delivery to the patientThere is a strong correlation between nurse-to-patient staffing ratios compared to lowrates of medicinal drug errors and patient deaths. Nurse staffing is profound to influencing patientoutcomes. In a study of orthopedic and vascular surgery patients discharged from 168Pen nsylvania hospitals, the risk of adverse outcomes were 31% higher in the hospitals thatstaffed 1 nurse to 8 patients, compared to 14% higher with hospitals that staffed 1 nurse to 4patients. Hospitals that staff 1 nurse to less than 5 patients also have a lower incidence of patientfalls, medication errors and nosocomial infections (MacPhee, M., et al, 2006). Improved RN topatient ratios also have a reduced rate ofpneumonia, urinary tract infections, shock, cardiacarrest, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other adverse outcomes in acute care settings. Recentresearch indicates that the cost of the RN to patient ratio law is considerably lower than the costof basic safety interventions commonly used in hospitals such as PAP tests for cervical cancerand clot-busting medications to treat stroke and heart attacks.Shorter lengths of stay have alsobeen reported since the ratio laws took place (Needleman, J., et al, 2002)HistoryCalifornia became the first state to mandate minimum nurse staffing ratios. Suggestionsfor nurse-to-patient ratios have been specified in union contracts at hospitals in several otherstates. Since California passed AB 394, related bills were introduced in many other states suchas Massachusetts, virgin Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. The cause for staffing ratios was aresult of average patient acuity in the state of California rising and projected increases for acuitylevels to guard increasing through the next 20 years (Institute for Health, 2001). AB 394 mayhave a major impact on demand for nursing personnel, the adequacy of nursing supply and thequality of nursing care provided to consumers. Nursing unions in California representing nursessaw this bill as an aid for improving patient and employee safety. Hospitals throughoutCalifornia were concerned that AB 394 would increase the difficulties they face in recruiting andretaining nurses (Coffman, J., et al, 2002).Position of various health organizations on the issueThe proposition of nursing ratios seem to be a convincing tool in protecting patient safety andimproving working conditions for nurses. However, realistic thought must be taken inestablishing attainable and pragmatical ratio standards. It is expensive and difficult to attract andretain enough qualified nurses to meet these ratios. Many proponents feel there are not enoughnurses available to meet these requirements. Difficulties in recruiting and retaining hard-to-findnurses costs an estimated $422 million and is a factor in the closure of several hospitals and aleading cause for shutdowns of 11 ERs and psychiatric units throughout California (Leighty, J.,2005).California ranks 49th across all states in the number of nurses per capita. The stateEconomic Development Department states, California will be shortmore than 97,000 RNs bythe year 2010. When the ratio law began in California in 2004, 85 per cent of hospitals were notable to be compliant with the regulations. The main contributing factor was not having enoughnurses to cover meal breaks (Anonymous, 2004).Medical surgical nurses see understaffing as a problem that contributes to nurse burnout.Three out of five nurses state that low staffing levels have a cast out impact on patient care.Three out of five nurses also state they have thought about leaving the hospital floor nursingsetting in the past two years. Nurses across the country feel that ratio regulations would improveworking conditions (AFT Healthcare, 2003).Impact of this legislationThe CNA believes that nursing ratios protect patients safety and eliminatesdangers associated with patient overload. CNA President Deborah Burger strongly feels that theratio laws have alleviated the nursing shortage by attracting 30,000 RNs to the state. She feelsthat burned -out or retired nurses are coming back into the profession because of betterconditions in the workplace (Leighty 2005).From a nurses point of view, the ratio regulations are what has been needed to improvepatient care and nurse satisfaction. For each extra patient above 4 added to a nurses assignment,there is a 23% increase in burnout and 15 % increase in job dissatisfaction. Research has shownthat better staffing for nurses in hospitals is reflected lower levels of absenteeism and higher jobsatisfaction (MacPhee, M., et al 2006).Legal responsibilities and Ethical dilemmasThe recent ratio regulations have caused problems throughout California. Hospitals areat times unable to receive patients, ambulances are diverted to more far away hospitals andpatients are now waiting long-life in the emergency rooms. Before the regulation was made inplace in California, many nurses felt they madedecisions about patient care and were able toplan his or her work day to meet their patients needs. Many feel now, that the regulation is anumbers game. (Leighty, J., 2005). Some hospitals may look to cut costs to keep up with thecost of the ratio laws. They may look to decrease other personnel such as unlicensed caregi vers,ward clerks, transporters and housekeepers. This could make nursing jobs in the hospital lessappealing to RNs. high personnel costs can also sway hospitals from ordering new medicalequipment with state of the art safety features (Coffman, J., et al 2002).Although the ratios are a subject of mixed reviews, many nurses in California are happywith the regulation. As a newer nurse who recently entered the profession, I am overwhelmed attimes with my patient load of five patients. I am thankful to work in a state where nurse ratiolaws are in place. Adding more patients to my daily assignment would more than likely makeme leave the hospital setting due to burn-out due to high levels of job dissatisfaction.ReferencesAFT Healthcare (2003, April) Patient- to- Nurse Staffing Ratios Perspectives from HospitalNurses. Retrieved February, 10, 2004 from http//www.aft.org/pubs-reports/healthcare/HartStaffingReport2003.pdfAnonymous (2004). California Hospitals Express Disappointment Over Court judgment on NurseStaffing Regulation Ruling Jeopardizes Hospitals Ability to Guarantee Access to Care.Retrieved February 13, 2007 from http//www.calhealth.org/public/press/Article%5C103%5CCHA%20News%20Release%20on%20Nurse%20Ratio%20Lawsuit%205-26-04.pdfAnonymous (2007). Does Nurse-To-Patient Ratio Legislation Help Patients or Harm Hospitalsin the United States? Retrieved February 10, 2007 from http//www. Globalinsight.com/Perspective/PerspectiveDetail6099.htmCalifornia Nurses Association (2005) RN to patient Ratios. Retrieved February 10, 2007 fromhttp//www.calnurses.org/nursing-practice/ratios/ratios_index.htmlCoffman, J., Seago, J., Spetz, J., (2002) Minimum Nurse-to-Patient Ratios in Acute CareHospitals. Health Affairs, 21(5), 53-64. Retrieved February 13, 2007, from Research LibraryDatabase.

Regionalism in India

On 15th of December 1953, when Potti Sriramulu succumbed to death not able to sustain 52 days of battle of Marathon fast that was undertaken to demand a separate state for Telugu speaking tidy sum, little did he realize that his death would become a launch pad for the chatter of Political Regionalism in India that would in course of time alter the whole landscape of India.But the brand of regionalism that evolved after Potti Sriramulus death was legitimate, genuine and logical. It reflected the aspirations of people at that time. It stood for fulfilling the longstanding desire of people to brace their own linguistic state. Thus, Andhra Pradesh became the first linguistic state of India. Today, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is re surnamed as Potti Sriramulu.After the death of Sriramulu, averse(p) Nehru was forced to accede to the various cries from other parts of the country with similar demands. In 1954, a States Reorganization Committee was formed with Fazal Ali as its hea d, which recommended the formation of 16 new states and 3 Union Territories based on the delivery people spoke in those respective regions. This heralded a new phase in the Indian politics. The subsequent movements for separate states and territories gave birth to slew of regional parties which eventually became prominent in national level and thus started coalition socialisation in Indian politics.Regionalism MeaningRegionalism is a feeling or an ideology among a section of people residing in a particular geographical space characterized by unique language, culture etc. that they are the sons of the soil and every opportunity that exists in their land must be accorded to them first but not to the outsiders. It is a sort of Parochialism. In most of the cases it is raised for expedient political gains but not necessarily.Growth and DevelopmentRegionalism in India can be traced back to Dravida feat started in Tamil Nadu. The movement initially focused on empowering Dalits, non-Brah mins, and poor people. Later it false against imposition of Hindi as sole official language on non-Hindi speaking areas. Finally, the movement for some time focused on seceding from India to carve out their own Dravidastan or Dravida Nadu. The movement slowly declined and today they have become prominent regional parties after m all splits and factionalism.Throughout India regionalism persisted. In Maharashtra Shiv Sena against Kannadigas in the name of Marathi pride and recently MNS activists against Biharis in Punjab against non-Punjabis that gave rise to Khalistan Movement and antecedent Akali Movement in Andhra, Telangana Movement with an aim of separate state in Assam ULFA militants against migrator Biharis and Bengalis in North-East against other Indians.It can be traced that regionalism slowly turned from non violent means to violent means to achieve their goals. From Potti Sriramulus non violent means of fatsing to Maharashtra Nav Nirman Sena (MNS) and ULFAs violent means, regionalism has come a long way.Regionalism in bequest day India is readily used for political gains by petty politicians and secessionist organizations. Economic reasons are exploited for political dividends.When violence is used against people in the name of regionalism it is a criminal act and is punishable. Article 19 of the Constitution of India provides a citizen of India to move freely throughout the territory of India, to reside and settle in any part, and to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. When ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) militants or MNS(Maharashtra Navnirman Sena) activists used violence against poor migrant workers, they clearly violated law of the land and also the Constitution which is above all, even above the Parliament.Do we need to fear Regionalism?No. Regionalism in India is whole a short cut to attain the political ambitions by emotionally exploiting the sentiments of the people. The fear of Balkanization is void of any logic. India is bound by a common culture that has flourished on this land many thousand years ago. I may be Kannadiga or Tamil but I am an Indian first. My identity element outside India is that of an Indian.The states which fought for complete independence are now part of Indian Union and they have renounced for some extent violence they include Mizoram, Nagaland, Kashmir, Bodoland, Tamli Nadu. India is too sizable for these states to fight against and win.Today regional parties define how the governments are formed and conducted both at the centre and the state level. Indeed it is a good development as some political entities such as RJD, BSP, LJP, DMK, AIADMK, BJD have to some extent represented those people who were neglected in the political process for long time. As long as they thrive for regional development without discriminating against outsiders, regionalism is good for India.Every Indian is a son of this soil. A Bihari becomes Mumbaikar when a bomb expl odes in Mumbai and a Mumbaikar becomes Bihari when Kosi wrecks havoc in the plains of Bihar. We are united by an idea called India and that unity is imperative if we want to do a Chinese thing in future that of actually walking on the path to becoming a global superpower instead of daydreaming

In The Crucible childrens lies lead to allegations of witchcraft and the breaking up of a community Essay

In The Crucible childrens lies lead to allegations of witchcraft and the breaking up of a community. Why do people lie and what contribute the consequences be?The word lie means a false statement deliberately fronted as being true according to the American Heritage Dictionary, and its a very common habit in every star. When it comes to lying, we can find white and pattern lies. White lies be often harmless, whereas normal lies can be dangerous beca delectation of the various consequences they might hire. In this essay Im going to present two arguments explaining the reasons why lies are used, which are to protect their reputation or get themselves break of a compromising situation, and to have a motor in order to commit an act of vengeance or violence. Then, I lead give four role models regarding the book The crucible and modern day events, which I will then compare.One of the main reasons why people make use of lies is because when they are accused of something that can get them into trouble, the best option at that flake bump intoms to be denying their acts. However, lying can have severe consequences depending on how much you twist the truth when doing it, and even if it doesnt make much sense, people are actually aware of what can happen later but since they feel theres no other choice, they lie anyways. A clear example of this can be found in The crucible by Arthur Miller, where a group of girls are caught performing witchcraft, and some dancing naked around a fire. In the time of the book, dancing was strictly forbidden and witchcraft was a matter nobody dared to discuss. Therefore, anyone being related to any of these would be punished.The group of girls had a leader who was Reverend Parris niece, Abigail, and whose cousin, also in the group, was Betty, Parris daughter. They were performing witchcraft in order to get men to fall in love with them, but Abigail exist the other girls making them lie about their actions so that she wasnt punished . Even though they could have disobeyed her, telling the truth would have also jeopardized them given that they had as well taken part in the event. This big lie led to several false allegations against many innocent people whose families were torn apart because of the all told scandal, and also ruined important peoples reputations in the society.An example of modern day would be the Lewinsky scandal which first broke on January 17, 1998, fundamentally involving the then current hot seat Bill Clinton and one of the White houses employees, Monica Lewinsky. It started as rumors in websites, but people seemed to be very implicated since they regarded the nations leader. Clinton denied everything a million quantify as we can see in the following statement I want to say one thing to the American people. I want you to listen to me. Im going to say this again I did not have sexual transaction with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. I never told anybody to lie, not a single time never. These a llegations are falseHowever, after further investigations, evidence such as preserve tapes and a dress of Lewinskys stained with his semen were taken into consideration and it was concluded that President Clinton had indeed, had sexual relations with her. Overwhelmed by accusations and strong proof, Clinton finally admitted on August 17, 1998, to have had an inappropriate physical relationship with Monica Lewinsky. Even though Clintons wife forgave him, many people had a new opinion of their president and lost some respect for him.These two examples show us how far a person would go to protect their reputation or get out of a problem, being totally selfish given that many times lies like these can benefit you while hurting others. We can see this because Abigail didnt care who was punished for something they didnt do as long as she was safe, and President Clinton was maybe trying to protect his family from breaking up but in my opinion, he was just trying to protect his reputation as an important entity.Another reason why people lie is because they sometimes need a motive to hurt someone else, being this for revenge or just pure envy. We often see people committing murders and harming others in any way workable because they seek revenge and/or envy them. Some are so intense about their feelings that they are indifferent to the consequences their acts might lead to and would rather go to jail or even die as long as they have satisfied their sick desires. On the other hand, we have people who do care about what may happen to them when performing inappropriate actions, reason for which they look for any motive possible. However, sometimes there isnt a motive at all, so they have to create one and they lie by starting rumors and giving false statements in order to accomplish what they want.We can see this in The Crucible when Abigail lies about performing witchcraft and makes other people take the blame. When in court, she gave Mary Warren a poppet with a chevy in her stomach, and told her to give it to Elizabeth monitor in order to frame her so that she would be blamed of witchcraft and that way, Abigail could take her place as John Proctors wife.A modern day example is the Big lie Bush invented against Iraq. He claimed Sadam Hussein had in his power weapons of mass destruction and would use them on America. However, this was not true and it was proved after thorough investigations. Bush made these accusations because he treasured to attack Iraq but he didnt have any good reason, so saying they were going against the USA made it almost mandatory to attack them back.These examples show us that when a person wants something, lies can sometimes help get it, like Abigail who tried to make a false accusation against Proctors wife, whose place she wanted to take. The same happened with Bush, who wanted so bad to take revenge on Iraq, he invented a lie about Hussein. This clearly reveals a certain selfishness from both since they have no inte rest at all about anyone but themselves.In conclusion, we can say lies are all around us at all times and sometimes we need them but it is not right to use them. In the previous examples, this affirmation is confirmed, showing us the consequences lying can lead to.

Marketing environments

The aim of this lecture is To describe of the essence(predicate) role of merchandising Environment. To differentiate between Macro and Micro Environments. To assess the impact of market Environment on Marketing Practices. To describe unhomogeneous method/ poser of Marketing Environment Scanning. Background Information Marketing cannot be practiced in a vacuum as a crinkle function is contacted by various grammatical constituents or elements within the business environss.According to Lancaster and Massingham (1993), a companys marketing environment consists of the factors and forces that affect the companys ability to develop and maintain uccessful transaction with its targeted customers. Business environments argon can-do and it requires enough attention to ensure that the environment are monitored and does not develop miserable effects to the shaping. What is Marketing Environment? Marketing Environment can be described as those factors or elements which are surrounding m arketing activities and usually affect the decisions and activities of marketing blackballly or positively.It consists of both controllable and uncontrollable factors which determine the success or failure of the validation. The controllable actors refer to those elements which can be managed and monitored by the arrangement in order to ensure they subscribe positive impact rather than damaging impact. On the other side, uncontrollable factors are those factors which an system has no direct control on them. It is very difficult and sometimes is not possible to control them.The only dash that can be make by the validation is to use its internal efforts to reduce the impact of them to the boldness activities. Furthermore, uncontrollable factors are usually classified into two groups whiz is Macro-environment and the other is Micro-environment. Macro-environment These are immaterial factors which cover the wide range of economic and business activities its impact goes too far beyond the control of the organization or society as a whole.Macro environment consists of the chase elements or factors Political Factors, Legal and Regulatory Forces, Social-cultural factors, economical Factors, Technological Factors, Demographic factors Political Factors political institutions and politicians are responsible for formulating and enforcing various laws and regulations which in one way or another affects the business operations. Furthermore, political forces are responsible for making and adopting various policies (International and local policies), they are responsible for entryway into various agreements and contracts which affects marketing activities. ? Legal and Regulatory Forces various laws and regulations are formulated by various institutional boards and might affect business in one way or another. For example, laws relating to tax, business registration, policy formulation etc. Socio-cultural Factors the success ot any business depends on now i t ta kes care near culture and other social aspects of the societies. Therefore, any action to ignore the culture and life style of the society surrounding the organization marks the failure of the organization. Economic Factors the impact of economic factors in business and marketing in particular is very significant.The elements such as inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, economic crisis etc pass on significant impact to the marketing activities. Technology Factors marketing activities depends much on technology. A means to produce, distribute, promote etc are much affected with the technology in use. That is to say, the intensity of marketing activities reflects the level f technology which the organization use. Demographic Factors from demographic structure is where customers, consumers, labors, etc are obtained. Thus, the population structure determines the success of the organization.The failure of the organization to disassemble demographic structure properly af fects the organization performance. Micro-environment This is an external factor which affects the performance of the organization to serve its market effectively. It is an immediate factor which touches the organization activities or functions very close compared to Macro-environment. This includes actors such as Bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of consumers, Threat of entry of competitors, Competition from substitutes, and rivalry between firms.Sometimes it is known as Michael Porters Five Forces Frame execution. Porter, (1980) argues that industry profitability depends upon industry structure and on the above mentioned factors. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are important partners in a business. They provide resources involve for the production of goods and services. However, Suppliers go a substantial significant to the marketing functions and business operations as a whole. The ailure to accommodate the pressure of supplier will bring a great impact t o organization products and services prices.For example when the price of supplies increases it is obvious that, the price of the final products will also be higher in order to cover operations and productions cost. Bargaining power of consumers Consumers of the company products or services are important partners in a business. However, consumers have both negative and positive impact to the organization. The pressure of consumers to obtain products or services at a low price without considering the cost of the production it usually affects the organization ell macrocosm.Thus, the organization must work hard to see how the pressure from consumers can be accommodated without affecting the organization operations. Threat of entry of competitors In modern business environment competition is a normal and unavoidable situation. The available opportunities for competitors to enter within the market usually become a threat for the organization success. A ingress for competitors to enter s ignifies that, the market share should be divided according to the number of the organizations within the market. Furthermore, the presence of competitors can be reflected in a profit generation.This being the fact, the organization should work hard to contend and not escaping from competition which it is not possible anyway. Competition from substitutes The presence ot competitors or other business partners gives a access ot having substitute goods and services. The substitute goods or services refers to those goods or services which offers similar functions, satisfactions, etc. The availability of substitute goods and products forced the organization to highlight the way antecedent to compete against those substitutes. Competition between rivalry firm Within the industry, various firms are operating.For example, in the Communication Industry, on that point are a number of firms which includes firms such as Vodacom, TTCL, TiGO, Airtel etc. In such environment there is a stiff competition between these firms, in which each firm is trying to compete in order to acquire a large portion of a market share. Thus, it is very hard to manage this environment. A firm needs to work hard in analyzing the intensity of competition so as to adopt the relevant strategies for such a challenge. Internal Environments (Controllable factors) These are factors within the organization they have direct impact to the organization performance.However, these factors are within the organization controlling capacity, which means the organization has the ability to monitor its impact and to regulate its trends. These factors include among others, the following important factors R & D factor, production and operation management factor, pecuniary factor, compassionate Resources and management factor and marketing factor. R & D factor this is an important factor which can be used to improve the organization performance by adding new idea, technology, products and services through rese arch and development.Production and operation management factor the organization readiness to adopt dvanced and recent methods of production and operation can be said as the most important decision to control the organization performance. The production and other operation methods are changing rapidly, thus, the organization needs to take quick decision to cope with these changes. Financial Factor the management of financial assets is very important and must be taken carefully. In ability of the firm to manage its financial assets it is a disaster to that particular organization.It creates the light way for its failure while this could be avoided if the organization could have taken serious measures earlier. Human resources and management people are very important resources for the organization performance. Human resources should be handled in a due care in order to create a situation of offering consistency efforts to the organization productions and operations activities. Marketin g factor in order to ensure marketing as a unit or department within the organization it offers valuable contribution and there must be a close supervision of all activities make within this unit.Any disregards to this important component of business operations create a even-tempered way for the failure of a particular organization. environmental Scanning and Analysis Atter the organization has identified the above described tactors (Macro and Micro), the next important stage is to analyze in deep the impact of each factor on the organization operations. The big challenge which is facing business owners and business decision makers nowadays is how to treat with environment uncertainty.Now, environmental scanning and abstract is used to assist business analyst to study environment in deep and formulating appropriate strategies to cope with business changes. For examples, from strategic marketing point of view, in formulating arketing plan, two issues must be considered, first org anization capabilities in term of resources, second the demands of environment which the organization operates. Therefore, there is no way the organization can ignore the importance of environmental scanning and Analysis. What is Environmental Scanning and Analysis?Environmental Scanning and Analysis refers to a process of studying and exploring the impact of environments on business operations. It focuses on understanding how business environment affects strategy formulation and implementation. The Former Chief Executive officeholder of General Electric Company Jack Welch, once said, When the rate of change inside the company is exceeded by the rate of change outside the company, the end is near. The content of this statement is that, if the firm is very weak in studying and coping with external environments is digging a grave for its own death.Environmental Scanning and Analysis is done in the following style. First the organization is essential to analyze business factors whi ch exist in the environment in which the business operates. Second the organization is required to classify each factor as to whether it falls under an opportunity or a threat. The following phases should be followed while doing environmental scanning and analysis First phase identify environmental limits the aim of this stage is to indentify various factors which find out the organization performance recently and to forecast likely factors that will influence the performance in future.Second phase an assessment of nature of the environment the trends of an active factors should be analyzed, the assessment should look on whether the environment is static or dynamic and from there the decision of what is supposed to be done can be taken. Third phase identify he factors which have a great influence on business operations based on their nature and intensity of its impact. Fourth phase identify competitive position analysis of the level of competition should be done based on how compe titors are doing, their capabilities and flunkes and how they are trying to deal with both of them should be scrutinized.Fifth phase identify how the information obtained above influences the organization operations. Each information should be categorized in either it is a threat or an opportunity to the organization. At the end, this becomes an mportant component in dealing with organization strategy formulation and implementation. Therefore, environmental scanning and analysis results to the identification of Strengths, helplessnesses, Opportunities and Threats. This can be analyzed by using a SWOT analysis Model which is an abbreviation of the words Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat.Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses The strength and weakness are internal tactors which can attect the organization operation in future. Specifically, Strengths refer to internal factors which can affect the organization operations in a positive way, while weaknesses are internal factors hich can affect the organization operations in a negative way. For example, poor management of human resources can be considered as a weakness, and the application of advanced technology can be termed as strength to an organization.Environmental Strengths and Weakness Profile Basically, after intensive analysis has been done, is very important to prepare a strategic advantage profile for the organization. This profile gives a clear draft of critical areas which have a great impact to the organization op4 erations recently and in future. Strategic Advantage Profile for a Hypothetical firm A Organization Internal Area Competitive Strength or Weakness Marketing + Product Line is extensive + Services is excellent Channels of dissemination are weak Research and Development No Research and development performed Operations + Excellent sourcing for new materials. Facilities are old and becoming out dated. bodily Resources O Company size is about average for the industry. O Profits have been consistent but average. Union employees complain frequently Finance + vestibular sense sheet shows ability to obtain needed capital, low debt equity ratio, high working capital position and favorable stock position. Sources Mzava, (200420) KEY + Indicates Strength Indicates weakness O Indicates Neutral Analysis of Opportunities and Threats An opportunity and a threat are external factors which might affect the organization operation in future.Now, specifically, Opportunities are external environments which can affect the organization operations in a favorable way, while, Threats refers to factors which might affect the organization in unfavorable way. At the end of opportunities and threats analysis, Environmental Threat and Opportunity Profile (ETOP) must be established. Environmental Threat and Opportunity Profile (ETOP) is very important for strategies formulation and implementation.

Diversification of Agriculture Essay

Diversification in this case (agricultural diversification) involves the realocation of a, or some(a) of a farms resources, to a untried harvest-home or products. The prime resource of that time being dent and the advanced products being the wide assortment of crops that were produced and re-introduced by peasants. Peasants are a class of deal of a lower status, who depends on agricultural labour for subsistence. The peasant life could be placed and termed in incompatible categories. According to Mintz 1961, a peasant vogue of life was manoeuvreed out by the people while they were still enslaved, these people were refered to as proto-peasants. he also makes mension of runaway pesantries or marrons, whome he described as, those who organize communities outside colonial authority, build on subsistance farming in hilly or interior forest regions. This research will higlight how the peasants produced a wide variety of crops and the reintroduction of old mavens. The purpose of this research is to show that the diversification of the caribbean economy was beecause of peasant initiative. had it not been for their efforts, the old sugar monopoly would have prevailed in the post emacipation period sustaining a system of bankruptcy and decay.Woodville K Marshall wrote, our pesantry starts in 1838 an comprises of ex-slaves who started smaller farms on the peripheries of plantation wherever they could find husbandry on abandon plantations and in the mountainous unknowns of various teritories. the first aim of the ex-slaves was to move away from the strained and unpaid labour. Many others preffered to stay in their own homes amongs friends and relatives with expectations of earning enough cash to purchase legitimate commodoties that they were unable to gain as slaves.The feeling of complete freedom, of the plantation was only recodnise by free people if they could aquire there own lands. the simplest methods of getting propperty was to buy inert land, eit her from land belonging to plantations which was not farmed by owner and crown lands. these crown lands was to the highest degree popular in Trinidad, British Guyana and the interior of Jamaica. Land ownership also came about by squatting on unused land in the the remote interious of the large colonies.People who purchase property outright were more fortunate than squatters, they gainned written proof of ownership and the land they bought was already cleared and close to markets. however outright purchase was the exception, not the rule. The exslaves were aslo able to aquire land in other intances through missionary booster. These include popular missionaries such as James Phillips and William Nibb. In 1835 Phillips, bought 10 hectares in the mountains behind Jamaica Spanishtown, subdivided the land into small dissever for sale on easy term to his congregation.the new community named sligoville was the only settlement during apprenticeship. In july 1838 William Nibb shared the belief that planters would try to force extra work from their free labour by dramatically increasing rent on estate fig. 1 Newcastle, free village, in the Jamaica blue mountains. homes. William took up the mantel to help his congregation, he told them about a loan of ten thousand pounds that was granted to him by a friend from england. Knibb then said, that sum should be apropriated to the purchase of land on which you may live if your present employer force you to quit the properties on which you now live. Williams predictions came through, the planters acted as he had foreseen and by 1839 he was constructing several Free Villages for labourers who did not want to risk increases in rent on the plantations. The missionary society was quite abdoman in the development of the pesantry. Upon discusing the success of the pesantry one must give an news report for the stages of development which includes the period of establishment (1839 1850-60). This was highlighted by the rapid land o wnership, and the incresing number of peasants.observers of the caribbean stated, the great and universal object of the ex-slave was the aquisition of land, however limited in extent. Larger population, small size and a long established sugar industry left few oppertunities for land aqusition for peasants of island territories such as Barbados, St. Kitts and Antigua. Ex-slaves from these colonies had to think emigration. However, countries like Jamaica and the Windward Islands the sugar industry left underdeveloped montainous interiors . In Trinidad and Tobago and British Guyana a small population and young industry created many oppertunities for land aquisition.Efforts of the exslaves were so successful in the named countries that emmancipation officials were reporting an almost daily increases in number of free holders. Another stage of development is the period of consilidation in which the peasantry continues its growth in numbers and most important, a marked shift by the peasa nts to export crop production. For example in Jamaica (only teritory with complete figures for small holdings) the number of holding between 5 and 49 acres increased from 13 189 in 1880 to 24 226 in 1902 to 31 038 in 1930.However the most important phase of the development is what Eisner calls a new pesantry. Eisner national income estimate for Jamacia for 1850 and 1890 reveal a shift from maily provison production to mixed provisions that could be exported by peasants. a very good example of income was the abide by of the export crops (sugar, coffee, rum, pimento, ginger) in 1850 its estimated by Eisner at 1 089 300 pounds, of which small settlement contributed 133 500 pounds or just over 10%.The variety of products move to grow, and shares rising until the third period (1900 and beyond). At this stage the pesantry did not expand and grounds shows that it might have been contracting. Table 2 below shows an example of evidence of a decrease in peasant holdings in Jamaica. Initial ly, before the growth of the peasantry, ex-slaves decided to set up themselves as peasants because although slavery had ended the principle of forced labour, had only changed to contolled labour upon those who remain on the plantations.Many who stayed in hopes of becoming wage owners, plans were shattered within a few years becasue of different reasons. Amongs these different reasons the system of tenancy which compelled the slaves to labour steadily and continuosly on the estates in return for secure residence in the house and ground which he had occupied as a slave, insecurely of tenure, as well as relatively low wages and increases in rent reinforced many ex-slaves determination to seek new and better oppertunities away from the estates accross the caribbean.a small population of the slaves were skilled which meant those who couldnt be masons, carpenters, barrel makers, wheel wrights and cart builders had to turn to the best known alternative, the soil. totally this time there h ard labour would of been for their survival and not to fill their masters stock. The peasantry afforded them with the oppertunity to become wage earners. On the basis in which the pesantry was running, it was basically characterise, the tenuous plantation economy and society.Although the peasants were producing a great quantity and variety of subsistence food and livestock, they strove to expand their boundaries by introducing new crops and or re-introducing old ones. Bananas, coffee, citrus, coconuts, cocoa, spices (ginger and pimento), and log wood in Jamaica Cocoa, arrowroot, spices, bananas and log wood in Windwards, were the most popular crops introduced and or re-introduced for exports. the Leewards grew arowroot as a staple export crop. It has been recorded that St. Vincent alone sold 613 380 kilograms.Small holders in Grenada exported coffee, cotton, cocoa, copra, honey and beeswax. In Trinidad squatters sold the timber they gainned from clearing crown lands for charcoal bu rning and export some for boat buiding and later exported coffee and cocoa. The guyanese was one of the few that was into the exportation of the rice crop. Most of the caribbean teritories were at some point in time producing certain crops for export and gathered profitable incomes. It is quit bare , that the pesantry has accumilated musch success.With the help of the missionaries and the income gainned, peasants were able to initiate the convension of plantation socities. they adapted to building local self-generating communities and used funds that they had alocated from exports along with babtist missionaries ( missionary help was popular mainly in Jamaica) who were quite abdoman in helping the peasants organise free villages and the construction of school such as Cadrinton primary school in barbados, which was run by missionaries and churches for eruditeness and worship.They also clamoured for expansion of education facilities, communication and better maketing schemes and fac ilities. The peasants were able to start local co-operative movement (sou-sou, box hand and partner hand) which later develop banks some which may still be in exsistance today.

Things fall apart

A story or poem in which the characters confineting and events stand for other commonwealth and events or for abstract ideas or qualities. Alliteration- The repetition of the same sympathetic sounds in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of the word. Conflict- The ohmic resistance between characters or forces, oddly opposition that motivates or shapes the work on of the plot. Connotation- Associations and implications that go beyond the create verbally word. Denotation- The mental lexicon definition of a word. Organizing- Use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. Hyperbole- A bold, exaggerated statement. Metaphor- equation between a homogeneous(p) things with kayoed using like or as. Oxymoron- A paradox in which both opposed or opposite words argon used to initiateher. Personification- Animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are devoted hu macrocosm characteristics, abilities, or reactions. Satire- Witty language used to convey insults or scorn. Symbol- An object or action that means or stands for roundthing else more significant than its literal meaning.Literary Terms from A Step From Heaven My toes are fish allegory The waves dance personification l am a sea bubble drifting, floating in a dream parable, symbol sleepy blanket face imagery, metaphor like the insides of the bottles that get left on the street fiction bleed water from the sea imagery, metaphor hands in concert tight like a closed rule concur illustration dark round monkey look imagery, metaphor sleepy eyes like cats in the sun simile, imagery like someone is garget it with a bemuse imagery soft and tickly as seagull feathers simile bump into my stomach she barks personification her massive hair plays in the wind personification I thump my train like a expert watermelon simile l watch Mammas shoes talk to the road personification big as fish gumshields simile hair that can play in the wind, light as a increase simil e Yes, I lie, quiet as snow simile waiting for Heaven foreshadowing until my mouth is ready to require imagery big floppy tongue imagery let us judge it is a blackguard from Heaven foreshadowing Literary Terms from Copper Sun So vivid and smooth, Mari marveled. imagery equal weaving blankets out of sand. simile As round and brown as a Kola monstrosity simile, imagery Fly my baby brother, Fly a government agency foreshadowing It was like a small urban center made of wood imagery pieces of cloth, larger than a hut simile as a great deal sponsor as a rabbit in the rice field simile We do fell out of the tree and hit incessantlyy branch on the way down metaphor hunger lived with them effortless personification she fight like a lion simile.Things string up ApartJordan Knoke face 102 Ember smith 21 June 2010 Things coin Apart Chinua Achebe writes a fascinating mass, Things patch up Apart, where he duologue intimately the see to itk of a gay, Okonk wo, who lives between the pride of his refinement and the pride of his manhood. Achebe is from, where the novel originates, Nigeria. Achebe has been one of the more or less influential and of import authors in African history. It is real authorized to get a view from a native Africans point of view a person who has seen what has gone on and go through the trials and wars of Nigeria and other African countries.The Igbo religion was the firsthand religion in the resolution where the story is tag. Okonkwo who has been in the crossroads of Umofia for his entire feel sentence, starts to see the tribe transpire and shift away from its normal beliefs. This happens when Christian missionaries arrive in the coun soften to try and turn the people of Umofia and other tribes to their religion of Christianity. Nigeria during this period was in difficult times because they were under the happen by spacious Britain. Achebe does a wonderful job in the book describing how e very(p renominal)(prenominal)placemuch of an process the impertinentrs had.The culture, religion, ethics, spirit, war, peace, and childbed are some of the words that describe this book in a nutshell. Things rowlock Apart is a book of knowledge and discipline. These two characteristics are an underlying occurrence in the book. Okonkwo is man who displays both of these qualities, thus, which leads to his declension. Chinua Achebe, cognize for his bestselling novels, poems, and essays, was born in 1930 in Ogidi, Nigeria (Gerard). Achebe has been known for five great books, exclusively the most read and talked or so has been Things Fall Apart.Achebes books turn all over been translated in some fifty languages. Especially in Africa and his home domain of Nigeria, Achebe is looked upon like a paragon and somebody that people can look up to. Achebe was precise bright in his early years as a child he began to break slope when he was solo eight years old (Achebe). In 1948, Achebe wen t to University College in Nigeria to initially study medicine, exactly something made him tilt his mind (Achebe). He changed his study to English literary studies to practice the skills of becoming a author and learn about the practices of English culture.After graduating from University College, Achebe went on to become a producer for a Nigerian broadcasting comp both. It was not till after that, in London, that Achebe would truly visit his talent of writing. One of his teachers in London had pass along Achebe to publish and write the book, Things Fall Apart. The timing of the book could not crack in been any better because Great Britain had control over Nigeria and was severely pressured into colonizing the uncouth. Within ten years of this conflict, Achebe published the book.It great deal off a vibe that usually does not go off when someone publishes a book. This book did just that. Things Fall Apart is the view from a small Nigerian village that sees its principles an d doctrines taken over outsiders from another country. From a Nigerian who has in all likelihood seen this in happen in real manners is very(prenominal) main(prenominal) to the people of Africa. For someone like Achebe to tell the story of Africans and how they live, eat, drink, and worship Gods tells the whole adult male how an general African lives.When a country rules over a territory or a certain land it can thrust a strangle on the people of that village, tribe, or colony. Chinua Achebe describes the setting of the story beautifully. In the village of Umofia men, women, and children are taught to be baffling minded. This is the case for Okonkwo. A warrior who is tough, solid, disciplined, and well liked in his tribe. Achebe realizes the struggles and stock that Nigerians and other Africans go through. They struggle with money, time, and personal problems. These personal problems could be with a family fraction or it could be with their Gods or ancestors.This is wher efore Achebe decided to write a book of this nature To ensure the people of Nigeria of population building, economic building, and loaded government. Two years after the book was written, Great Britain gave Nigeria its license from them (Nigeria). This colossal motion for the people of Nigeria gave them a new start in life a start that would allow them to be free and have the political and ethical freedom to do as they choose. Achebe has been one of the most inspirational and influential writers during his time because of his obvious ground.Nigeria will probably never produce someone as important as Achebe ever again. Learning the process of becoming a writer for Achebe was definitely hard work. evolution up for Achebe was very difficult the conditions had to have been rough in the country of Nigeria where distress and sickness were wide recognized. To grow up to be a man that he is now, that has been one of the greater achievements that any writer has achieved. Achebes paren ts Janet and Isaiah Achebe were very influential on his life. Isaiah Achebe was a teacher at the Chuch Missionary Society in Nigeria (Achebe).It is alship canal important to have great idols and parents to look up to for that parent to set an example on their child so they can have a great life ahead of them. Achebe wrote five major(ip) books in his rush Things Fall Apart (1958), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964), A domain of People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). All five of these major works have something in common. They all have the same interest in African society and how religion, domestication, and nations collide with the outside world or within dissimilar countries.Achebe has done his part over the past 50 years, providing referees from all over the world the history, culture, and background that African society has been founded on for thousands of years. Since Achebe has settled down the past 10 or 20 years, he has received recognition and awa rds for his outstanding writing. He has received legion(predicate) doctorates and is an honorary member of the American honorary society and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1999, Achebe was honored by being appointed to the U. N Population lineage Achebes works throughout his career was to a fault translated in 40 different languages (Achebe).In the story, Things Fall Apart, a man, Okonkwo struggles with his own tendencies and mishaps that cost him in the end of the story. Achebe, a native African, writing this book about the culture and life of a certain village in Nigeria was huge. It was huge because it was the first major novel written by an African about Africa. Challenges about the novel speak of the Western influence of Europe, such(prenominal) as Great Britain on African colonies and countries. The work of this book came around the time of decolonization, where Hesperian sandwich European countries gave independence to African counties, including Nigeria.What Achebe doe s so well throughout the entire book is that he lets the reader try and manakin out if the Ibo people are romanticized or if the outsiders are actually there for some or no reason at all. Achebe lets the reader think and figure out the entire colonialism and force of the white missionaries in Africa. One of the major themes that gets introduced throughout the book is the theme of war. War was a outstanding way of life in Nigeria. If a man were not to fight in tribal wars, so he would be considered a coward that would not get the recognition of other prominent men in the tribes.Okonkwo, the main character, is a violent warrior who has been perceived as a person who looks for solutions in the way of war, violence, and devastation instead of resorting to nonviolent solutions. The violence that Okonkwo cross-files to his friends, sons, daughters, and wives leads to the destruction of his image and reputation. Okonkwo alike has a problem with softness and not being male enough. Growing up, Okonkwos father, Unoka, was soft and gentle. He was not viewed as a competitive person or someone who would be a warrior of the tribes. Okonkwo did not trust to be like this.He precious to be the head of his household, also prognosticateed obi, and wanted to be the person who killed the most men in war. That was his objective growing up in the village of Umofia. A man who does not back down, does not show his weaknesses, and does not want to lose no matter what. War has forever and a day been a way of life in this village. combat other colonies and tribes has been going on for thousands of years and will probably never stop. This is why Okonkwo portrays himself as a warlike person who does not like to show his softer side. The other theme that shows itself numerous times in the book is peace.Again Okonkwo struggles to find the connection within him to find peace. Peace is a tough thing to find if someone does not try hard enough to use it in the necessity scenario s. With his violent ways and backgrounds Okonkwo does not have that inner peace that could settle him down or annunciation to a softer situation. He struggles mightily with the thought of peace being achieved. The situation changes before Okonkwos very eyes and the others of Umofia that the outside world is wanting to change the way people live in Africa. The downfall of Okonkwos life is derived between war and peace.Obtaining peace and fighting wars against other countries brings fate. It may not always be easy, but at the end of the day peace is given and a country is set free of captivity. The country of Nigeria has long been a country of disarray and in development. It has been a country of poverty and sickness. 250 ethnic tribes call Nigeria home. The three most major tribes are Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa (Nigeria). Igbo, of course, is the main tribe that the book speaks of. fixed in the western part of Africa, Nigeria is home to savannas, tropical forests, and coastal wetlands. Farming is a very important way of life in Nigeria, as with each country in Africa. Nigeria covers an area close to 360,000 square miles it is also twice the size of it of the state of California. The political state of Nigeria consists of thirty-six states. The capital of Nigeria is Abuja (Nigeria). It has been the capital since 1991. Nigeria is strong in ethnicity. The primary religions in the country are Muslim and Christians. These two religions make up about 90% of the ethnicity in Africa (Curry). However, between the two religions comes hardships and violence.Differences between beliefs of the two can present a problem, especially when they are two totally different ways of belief. When Great Britain began to get involved with nations in Africa, it set its eyes on Nigeria. It all began in 1887 when British forces began to surge on the eastern coast of Africa. Sir George Goldie, leave of the Royal Niger guild acquired the interior of Nigeria. Influence of British cultures an d traditions was way too much of a agent in countries such as Nigeria. This influence set the basis for rule over the country by establishing the Protectorate of northern Nigeria in 1900 (Curry).Through hardships and trying times, Nigeria was a country with one of the naughtyest population rates and also a high rate of disease and poverty. In 1960 Nigeria became an independent member of the British Commonwealth. Then in 1963, becoming a republic. Nigerias first elected president ever to take over was Nnamdi Azikiwe (Curry). Things Fall Apart was probably one of the most interesting books to read because the language, history, and spirituality. These characteristics are what make Achebes book spectacular. The way he uses words makes him one of the best authors ever.The life of a man such as Okonkwo to end in such tragedy is always a shame. Especially when the main character who sees his village turn for the wrap up after British missionaries convert men, women, and children to Ch ristianity. This is when we saw the rise and fall of a man who wanted to see his homeland keep its same values and not have outsiders come in and take everything over. Okonkwo was a main of strength, courage, and honor. These are the qualities that made him one of the most powerful and warrior-like men in the village. Achebe always does a wonderful job of portraying the use of a man and use of a woman.Men were obviously the more powerful and head of the house. Women, on the other hand, were basically servants and did not really hold that much authority. Achebe does a great job to focus on Okonkwo and how much his children and wives respect and how they are dismayed of him. Thats how much a man can have an influence on others. Works Citied Achebe, Chinua. Gale contextual Encyclopedia of valet de chambre Literature. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 2009. 4-8. Gale virtual(prenominal) grapheme Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Curry, Tim. Nigeria. Countries and Their Cultures. Ed. Carol R. Ember a nd Melvin Ember. Vol. . New York Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. 1624-1642. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Gerard, Albert S. Achebe, Chinua (1930-). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Suzanne M. Bourgoin. 2nd ed. Detroit Gale Research, 1998. Nigeria. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 11th ed. Vol. 2 Africa. Detroit Gale, 2004. 423-439. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Things Fall Apart. Literary Themes for Students War and Peace. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2006. 519-534. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010.Things fall apartA story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people and events or for abstract ideas or qualities. Alliteration- The repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of the word. Conflict- The opposition between characters or forces, especially opposition that motivates or shapes the action of the plot. Connotation- Ass ociations and implications that go beyond the written word. Denotation- The dictionary definition of a word. Organizing- Use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. Hyperbole- A bold, exaggerated statement. Metaphor- Comparison between like things without using like or as. Oxymoron- A paradox in which two contradictory or opposite words are used together. Personification- Animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are given human characteristics, abilities, or reactions. Satire- Witty language used to convey insults or scorn. Symbol- An object or action that means or stands for something else more significant than its literal meaning.Literary Terms from A Step From Heaven My toes are fish metaphor The waves dance personification l am a sea bubble floating, floating in a dream metaphor, symbol sleepy blanket face imagery, metaphor like the insides of the bottles that get left on the street simile bleed water from the sea imagery, metaphor hands together tig ht like a closed book simile dark round monkey eyes imagery, metaphor sleepy eyes like cats in the sun simile, imagery like someone is poking it with a stick imagery soft and tickly as seagull feathers simile see my stomach she barks personification her long hair plays in the wind personification I thump my head like a ripe watermelon simile l watch Mammas shoes talk to the road personification big as fish mouths simile hair that can play in the wind, light as a kite simile Yes, I lie, quiet as snow simile waiting for Heaven foreshadowing until my mouth is ready to learn imagery big floppy tongue imagery let us say it is a step from Heaven foreshadowing Literary Terms from Copper Sun So shiny and smooth, Mari marveled. imagery Like weaving blankets out of sand. simile As round and brown as a Kola nut simile, imagery Fly my baby brother, Fly away foreshadowing It was like a small city made of wood imagery pieces of cloth, larger than a hut simile as much help as a rabbit in the rice field simile We done fell out of the tree and hit every branch on the way down metaphor hunger lived with them everyday personification she fight like a lion simile.Things Fall ApartJordan Knoke English 102 Ember Smith 21 June 2010 Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe writes a fascinating book, Things Fall Apart, where he talks about the struggle of a man, Okonkwo, who lives between the pride of his culture and the pride of his manhood. Achebe is from, where the novel originates, Nigeria. Achebe has been one of the most influential and important authors in African history. It is very important to get a view from a native Africans point of view a person who has seen what has gone on and experienced the trials and wars of Nigeria and other African countries.The Igbo religion was the primary religion in the village where the story is set. Okonkwo who has been in the village of Umofia for his entire life, starts to see the tribe transpire and shift away from its normal beliefs. This happens when Christian missionaries arrive in the country to try and turn the people of Umofia and other tribes to their religion of Christianity. Nigeria during this time was in difficult times because they were under the rule by Great Britain. Achebe does a wonderful job in the book describing how much of an influence the outsiders had.The culture, religion, ethics, spirit, war, peace, and labor are some of the words that describe this book in a nutshell. Things Fall Apart is a book of knowledge and discipline. These two characteristics are an underlying occurrence in the book. Okonkwo is man who displays both of these qualities, thus, which leads to his downfall. Chinua Achebe, known for his bestselling novels, poems, and essays, was born in 1930 in Ogidi, Nigeria (Gerard). Achebe has been known for five great books, but the most read and talked about has been Things Fall Apart.Achebes books have been translated in some fifty languages. Especially in Africa and his homeland of Nigeria, Achebe is looked upon like a God and somebody that people can look up to. Achebe was very bright in his early years as a child he began to learn English when he was only eight years old (Achebe). In 1948, Achebe went to University College in Nigeria to initially study medicine, but something made him change his mind (Achebe). He changed his major to English literary studies to practice the skills of becoming a writer and learn about the practices of English culture.After graduating from University College, Achebe went on to become a producer for a Nigerian broadcasting company. It was not till after that, in London, that Achebe would truly find his talent of writing. One of his teachers in London had requested Achebe to publish and write the book, Things Fall Apart. The timing of the book could not have been any better because Great Britain had control over Nigeria and was severely pressured into colonizing the country. Within ten years of this conflict, Achebe published the book.It set off a vibe that usually does not go off when someone publishes a book. This book did just that. Things Fall Apart is the view from a small Nigerian village that sees its principles and doctrines taken over outsiders from another country. From a Nigerian who has probably seen this in happen in real life is very important to the people of Africa. For someone like Achebe to tell the story of Africans and how they live, eat, drink, and worship Gods tells the whole world how an everyday African lives.When a country rules over a territory or a certain land it can have a strangle on the people of that village, tribe, or colony. Chinua Achebe describes the setting of the story beautifully. In the village of Umofia men, women, and children are taught to be tough minded. This is the case for Okonkwo. A warrior who is tough, strong, disciplined, and well liked in his tribe. Achebe realizes the struggles and pains that Nigerians and other Africans go through. T hey struggle with money, time, and personal problems. These personal problems could be with a family member or it could be with their Gods or ancestors.This is why Achebe decided to write a book of this nature To ensure the people of Nigeria of nation building, economic building, and strong government. Two years after the book was written, Great Britain gave Nigeria its independence from them (Nigeria). This colossal achievement for the people of Nigeria gave them a new start in life a start that would allow them to be free and have the political and ethical freedom to do as they choose. Achebe has been one of the most inspirational and influential writers during his time because of his obvious background.Nigeria will probably never produce someone as important as Achebe ever again. Learning the process of becoming a writer for Achebe was definitely hard work. Growing up for Achebe was very difficult the conditions had to have been rough in the country of Nigeria where poverty and s ickness were widely recognized. To grow up to be a man that he is now, that has been one of the greater achievements that any writer has achieved. Achebes parents Janet and Isaiah Achebe were very influential on his life. Isaiah Achebe was a teacher at the Chuch Missionary Society in Nigeria (Achebe).It is always important to have great idols and parents to look up to for that parent to set an example on their child so they can have a great life ahead of them. Achebe wrote five major books in his career Things Fall Apart (1958), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964), A Man of People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). All five of these major works have something in common. They all have the same interest in African society and how religion, domestication, and nations collide with the outside world or within different countries.Achebe has done his part over the past 50 years, providing readers from all over the world the history, culture, and background that African society has been founded on for thousands of years. Since Achebe has settled down the past 10 or 20 years, he has received recognition and awards for his outstanding writing. He has received numerous doctorates and is an honorary member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1999, Achebe was honored by being appointed to the U. N Population Fund Achebes works throughout his career was also translated in 40 different languages (Achebe).In the story, Things Fall Apart, a man, Okonkwo struggles with his own tendencies and mishaps that cost him in the end of the story. Achebe, a native African, writing this book about the culture and life of a certain village in Nigeria was huge. It was huge because it was the first major novel written by an African about Africa. Challenges about the novel speak of the Western influence of Europe, such as Great Britain on African colonies and countries. The work of this book came around the time of decolonization, where western Eu ropean countries gave independence to African counties, including Nigeria.What Achebe does so well throughout the entire book is that he lets the reader try and figure out if the Ibo people are romanticized or if the outsiders are actually there for some or no reason at all. Achebe lets the reader think and figure out the entire colonialism and impact of the white missionaries in Africa. One of the major themes that gets introduced throughout the book is the theme of war. War was a prominent way of life in Nigeria. If a man were not to fight in tribal wars, then he would be considered a coward that would not get the recognition of other prominent men in the tribes.Okonkwo, the main character, is a violent warrior who has been perceived as a person who looks for solutions in the way of war, violence, and death instead of resorting to peaceful solutions. The violence that Okonkwo shows to his friends, sons, daughters, and wives leads to the destruction of his image and reputation. Oko nkwo also has a problem with softness and not being manly enough. Growing up, Okonkwos father, Unoka, was soft and gentle. He was not viewed as a warlike person or someone who would be a warrior of the tribes. Okonkwo did not want to be like this.He wanted to be the head of his household, also called obi, and wanted to be the person who killed the most men in war. That was his objective growing up in the village of Umofia. A man who does not back down, does not show his weaknesses, and does not want to lose no matter what. War has always been a way of life in this village. Fighting other colonies and tribes has been going on for thousands of years and will probably never stop. This is why Okonkwo portrays himself as a warlike person who does not like to show his softer side. The other theme that shows itself numerous times in the book is peace.Again Okonkwo struggles to find the connection within him to find peace. Peace is a tough thing to find if someone does not try hard enough t o use it in the necessary scenarios. With his violent ways and backgrounds Okonkwo does not have that inner peace that could settle him down or resolve to a softer situation. He struggles mightily with the thought of peace being achieved. The situation changes before Okonkwos very eyes and the others of Umofia that the outside world is wanting to change the way people live in Africa. The downfall of Okonkwos life is derived between war and peace.Obtaining peace and fighting wars against other countries brings fate. It may not always be easy, but at the end of the day peace is given and a country is set free of captivity. The country of Nigeria has long been a country of disarray and in development. It has been a country of poverty and sickness. 250 ethnic tribes call Nigeria home. The three most major tribes are Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa (Nigeria). Igbo, of course, is the main tribe that the book speaks of. Located in the western part of Africa, Nigeria is home to savannas, tropical f orests, and coastal wetlands.Farming is a very important way of life in Nigeria, as with each country in Africa. Nigeria covers an area close to 360,000 square miles it is also twice the size of the state of California. The political state of Nigeria consists of thirty-six states. The capital of Nigeria is Abuja (Nigeria). It has been the capital since 1991. Nigeria is strong in ethnicity. The primary religions in the country are Muslim and Christians. These two religions make up about 90% of the ethnicity in Africa (Curry). However, between the two religions comes hardships and violence.Differences between beliefs of the two can present a problem, especially when they are two totally different ways of belief. When Great Britain began to get involved with nations in Africa, it set its eyes on Nigeria. It all began in 1887 when British forces began to surge on the eastern coast of Africa. Sir George Goldie, founder of the Royal Niger Company acquired the interior of Nigeria. Influenc e of British cultures and traditions was way too much of a factor in countries such as Nigeria. This influence set the basis for rule over the country by establishing the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria in 1900 (Curry).Through hardships and trying times, Nigeria was a country with one of the highest population rates and also a high rate of disease and poverty. In 1960 Nigeria became an independent member of the British Commonwealth. Then in 1963, becoming a republic. Nigerias first elected president ever to take over was Nnamdi Azikiwe (Curry). Things Fall Apart was probably one of the most interesting books to read because the language, history, and spirituality. These characteristics are what make Achebes book spectacular. The way he uses words makes him one of the best authors ever.The life of a man such as Okonkwo to end in such tragedy is always a shame. Especially when the main character who sees his village turn for the worst after British missionaries convert men, women, an d children to Christianity. This is when we saw the rise and fall of a man who wanted to see his homeland keep its same values and not have outsiders come in and take everything over. Okonkwo was a main of strength, courage, and honor. These are the qualities that made him one of the most powerful and warrior-like men in the village. Achebe always does a wonderful job of portraying the use of a man and use of a woman.Men were obviously the more powerful and head of the house. Women, on the other hand, were basically servants and did not really hold that much authority. Achebe does a great job to focus on Okonkwo and how much his children and wives respect and how they are afraid of him. Thats how much a man can have an influence on others. Works Citied Achebe, Chinua. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 2009. 4-8. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Curry, Tim. Nigeria. Countries and Their Cultures. Ed. Carol R. Ember and Melvin E mber. Vol. . New York Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. 1624-1642. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Gerard, Albert S. Achebe, Chinua (1930-). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Suzanne M. Bourgoin. 2nd ed. Detroit Gale Research, 1998. Nigeria. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 11th ed. Vol. 2 Africa. Detroit Gale, 2004. 423-439. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010. Things Fall Apart. Literary Themes for Students War and Peace. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2006. 519-534. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 June 2010.